Nitrogen
makes up about three quarters of all the air. It is found
as free nitrogen (N2) or as nitrogen oxides (NOx). In these
forms, nitrogen is useless to plants and animals.
Nitrogen must be first converted into nitrates, where the
nitrogen oxide combines with another mineral such as potassium.
Nitrates are formed naturally in two ways. Lightning during
thunder storms forms some nitrates.
However, the most common way to make nitrates is through "nitrogen-fixing
bacteria" found in the soil. Some of these bacteria, like
"Azotobacter", live freely in the soil. Others, like "Rhizobium",
live on the roots of clover and other members of the pea (legume)
family. That is why planting clover in a lawn, or rotating
crops to include peas or beans, makes a good environmental
impact. These plants replenish the nitrates in the soil naturally.
In the past hundred and fifty years, farmers have replaced
this natural process by applying nitrate fertilisers directly
to the soil. First they used bird dung (guano) and then created
factories that "fixed" nitrogen from the air - the Haber process.
Roots of plants absorb the nitrates made in (or bought to)
the soil to make amino acids, which in turn make proteins.
All living organisms require this nitrogen to make proteins.
Animals get the nitrogen that they need to make proteins by
eating plants or other animals.
When an animal or plant dies, decomposing bacteria and fungi
break down those proteins that are present in all living organisms.
The amino acids in their bodies are broken down and ammonia
gas (NH3) is released. Nitrite bacteria convert this poisonous
ammonia back into nitrate molecules, for plants to grow again.
Some plants can use ammonia directly. Ammonia is used as a
fertiliser by injecting directly into the soil.
Nitrogen is removed from the nitrate in the soil by denitrifying
bacteria. The nitrogen is released back to the atmosphere
and the nitrogen cycle is complete.
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